Tag: wallsandflowers

Fairy Foxglove and Ilkley Old Bridge

There are two bridges over the river Wharfe in Ilkley and the ‘Old Bridge’ and the ‘New Bridge’ The old one dates back to the 1620’s but that original one got washed away in 1673 and the present ‘Old Bridge’ was constructed in 1675. So it is quite old and consists of two spans and is quite narrow as it was designed to carry pack horses and people not cars.

It did get used for vehicles once they had been invented but that was banned in 1948 so now it is just people and bicycles and I suppose a pack horse would still be allowed to pass across.

The Fairy Foxglove is growing on one of the buttresses that support the bridge along with several other species, including House Leeks. The foxglove was in flower in May when I visited. As the buttress is well below the road level it was difficult to get a close up of the plant, I am not much into abseiling.

This plant is not native it is described as naturalised, ie it was introduced into gardens and then got established in the countryside. Originally it is a mountain species coming from southern Europe and north Africa. It was first brought to the UK in 1793 and was first recorded growing in the wild in 1867. However there is a tale that it was brought to Britain by Roman soldiers who had to cross the Alps to get to us and picked up some seeds on their boots. Just a tale as most ‘Roman’ soldiers in Britain did not come from Italy. However the story gets a bit of a boost as Fairy Flax does grow on Hadrian’s Wall and in the village of Wall which is close to Hadrian’s Wall.

Its distribution is mostly Northern England and Southern Scotland but it does occur in the south and in Wales, I suppose if folks are growing it in their gardens then it can escape to any part of the UK, just that it seems to survive better in Northern climes, no doubt reflecting its mountainous origins. I saw lots of it growing on walls of buildings at the top of the hill going up to Stirling Castle in Scotland.

The plant is a perennial and low growing with fleshy and hairy leaves that form a roughly basal rosette. The flower are pink and composed of five bilobed petals that fuse together at the base. However the petals are not all the same size, the two that point upwards are smaller and the three pointing down are larger and if anything the central one of the three is slightly bigger still. This is known as zygomorphic.

Its scientific name is Erinus alpinus which reflects its origin, it also has several common names like Alpine Balsam

Gertrude Jekyll

The famous turn of the century garden designer was a great exponent of walls and natural planting. Turn of the ninetieth century that is, she was born in 1843 and died 1923, her hey days in terms of garden design were the 1880’s to 1920’s.

She originally studied to be an artist, the arts and crafts movement had a big influence on her, the likes of Turner, Ruskin and William Morris. It was later that her failing eyesight caused her to leave painting and turn to garden design. Also at this time she became friends with Edwin Lutyens a young architect, also influenced by the arts and crafts movement. Her family lived in Godalming in Surrey, their house was designed by Lutyens. Subsequently she collaborated extensively with him, he designed the house and she worked on the garden. She designed over 400 different gardens and there are many that survive and are indeed still open to the public. She also wrote books and numerous articles for publications such as Country Life and as said she was an artist and also a photographer.

Reading her books gives you a strong impression of what she was like. I would say knowledgeable but not to be messed with. Her opinions were very much to the point and there could be no arguing. Her book Wall and Water Gardens published in 1901 has extensive descriptions of the designs and types of walls and suggestions for what should be planted in or on them. She has lists for walls situated in the sun and suggests plants like Cheddar Pink and Stonecrops Then for walls in the shade she has Ferns , Mossy Saxifrages and Snapdragons which she says can be used in sun or shade.

She mentions lots of native plants which she considers suitable such as Mulleins, Stitchwort, Shinning Cranesbill Wall Pennywort, Welsh Poppy and Red Valerian.

Here are a couple of quotes from her book, this talking about lawns. ‘how many gardens on sloping ground are disfigured by profitless and quite indefensible steep banks of mown grass! Hardly anything can be so undesirable in a garden. Such banks are unbeautiful, troublesome to mow and wasteful of spaces that might be full of interest. If there must be a sloping space and if for any reason there cannot be a dry wall, it is better to plant the slope with low bushy or rambling things. ‘

And this about brick walls. ‘often the wall that one would wish to make the home of many a lovely plant is of the plainest brick or stone, and the mortar joints are fairly sound. Still the ardent wall gardener is not to be daunted, for, armed with a hammer and a bricklayers cold chisel he knocks out joints and corners of bricks (when a builder is not looking on) exactly where he wishes to have his ranges of plants.’

I think these quotes get across the nature of the lady, formidable to say the least.

My Back Wall

My back garden is small, but it is surrounded on all sides with stone walls. They are not dry stone walls as they have a form of mortar in-between the local stone. The use of the words ‘form of mortar’ is well advised as it is quite loose and plants are easily able to colonise it.

The garden is orientated to the north and is also terraced with 4 to 5 levels and these are also formed from similar walls, so lots of wall space, probably more wall than garden.

Much of the eastward facing side wall was covered with a thick layer of Ivy when we purchased and the opposite wall had a straggling climbing rose, the rose has gone and the ivy has been removed but not completely eradicated, it still tries to make a come back but so far without success. The end wall had some plants other than ivy and particularly interesting were some cup lichens. There was a few bits of Ivy-leaved Toadflax and some Maidenhair Spleenwort fern, but mostly Ivy. There was a couple of places towards the top of the garden where the Ivy was less dominant where Bugle grew out of the wall and one spot where a Primrose had established itself.

Bit by bit the walls have become colonised by a greater variety of plants, some of this has been natural and some has occurred with a helping hand.

The natural colonisation has involved the spread of the Ivy-leaved Toadflax, this is an introduced species and virtually only grows on walls, it is now perhaps the most common species on walls. At the same time the Maidenhair Spleenwort has done quite well, another fern which was already established in the garden is the Harts tongue fern and this has spread into some new positions on the walls although it seems to have only colonised the lower regions of the walls were it is probably more damp. Lots of other species seem to have made their way from the flower beds, which are cared for but also contain what some might call weeds. So we now have various Violet species along with Bittercress, Herb Robert and the related Shiny leaved Cranesbill. Wild Strawberry, and Speedwell species, and some Willowherbs are also to be found. There are quite a few mosses and lichens but I am restricting myself to the larger (vascular) plants.

With a little help other species have colonised. I do not grow vegetables any more, the garden is too small, but in our previous garden I did grow quite a lot and so when we moved I brought with me some half used packets of seeds and some herbs in pots. This has resulted in two new species in the walls. Corn Salad or Lambs lettuce, I had some old seed and so rather than bin it I sprinkeld the seeds on a small bare patch of soil and it has never looked back. It now self sows every year and has done quite well in various locations like cracks between paths and walls and going up the steps from one level to the next and it is quite happy in the walls. I let it grow and seed because it does provide a bit of fresh green for salads very early in the year and its more tasty than supermarket lettuce especially in February and March. The other import has been Marjoram which was brought in as a pot plant herb from the previous house and it too has self seeded and is colonising the walls quite happily. It is much appreciated by insects including various bee species and the butterflies in late summer.

Then there are one or two where my helping hand has been more firm, ie I have specifically tried to get the plants established in the walls. I generally have done this by removing some seed heads from species growing on other walls and then pushing the seeds or seed heads into what look like suitable nooks and crannies. I have also done this with the spore areas on fern leaves. Success has been mixed. Probably the most successful has been Navelwort, it took a couple of attempts but two years ago lots of tiny plants appeared from places where I had introduced seeds the previous year and then this year these plants grew on and produced flower spikes, they duly seeded and died but now I have seen new leaves appearing at various places in the wall. I have also introduced some stonecrop, the common yellow one, I took a very small amount for some growing in a nearby wall and then poked tiny amounts into what looked like suitable places, most died, not immediately but slowly slowly and now there is just one small patch but that has grown from its original size and seems to be established.

With regards to ferns I have taken leaves with sori ( the brown spore producing areas) from various plants and then again pushed them into the walls, I had some success with a fern called Rusty back with just one plant developing a couple of years ago but this years very hot weather did for that one. I have also tried the same with wall rue but no success.

I try to encourage a good mix of species by, when there is not a hose pipe ban, spraying the wall quite frequently with water in the evenings and I also exercise some control by removing species that might like to take over such as the Ivy and the Marjoram, also some of the Willowherb. The walls around my garden also support a range of different animals from tiny molluscs through to three species of mammal, I regularly see Field Mice and Bank Voles and I occasionally see a Shrew. These I believe have their homes in the holes and cracks between the stones.

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Walls and Flowers; conception to fruition

Well it all started in Baltimore which is a village at the very southern most tip of Ireland. Next stop USA. I was on holiday with my wife and some good friends Carol and David and we developed the idea.

There are two strands to the conception. One is that both David and I have gardens surrounded by and containing old walls, however the walls round my garden are blessed with numerous plants growing from the cracks and crevices. David’s walls are however fairly bare or at least they were at that stage and we were discussing the walls in Baltimore which have a good mix of various ferns and wild flowers sprouting from them. The conversation ranged through the reasons why David’s walls were less populated than mine, how he might improve that situation, what type of plants favour walls and why and how to introduce plants to walls.

The second strand to the conception regarded publication of books and David was enquiring how my book on Woodland Wildflowers was doing and he also knew I was writing a second one about Coastal Wildflowers and wanted to know where that one was. Well that one is a bit stalled as the publishers were unsure as to whether Coastal Wildflowers was a cohesive grouping and if it were then how interested folks might be and they had asked me to wait some time to see how book one gets on and so I was somewhat in limbo. David said what about Wall flowers? a quirky sort of subject can capture peoples imagination, the classic example is the book about Log piles by the Norwegian writer Lars Mytting, which has to date sold 175,000 copies!

So it was chewed over and various plants and of course some ferns came to mind, several species actually have ‘wall’ in their name and one that was the growing in the Baltimore area was Pellitory of the Wall. I guessed that there were a good 50 or so plants which are often found in close association with walls. Then another idea developed, David is a great ideas man. I am not sure if this second idea was his or mine it just developed and it was that an element of the book should be about the walls. Each plant should be photographed growing from a wall which would then be described and form part of each chapter of the book, so it would be 50 plants and 50 walls. Famous walls could be visited photographed and written about. Very soon a list of walls was developing some sensible and some more fanciful. Obvious contenders were Hadrian’s Wall, The Tower of London, famous churches, bridges, gardens etc, more fanciful were Wall Street and the Great Wall of China. No it had to be British and Irish walls and the plants growing out of them.

This was all back in May and the first photos were of the Pellitory of the Wall growing out of the harbour walls round Baltimore. Subsequently I have developed this blog and visited various locations around the country, like Hadrian’s Wall, Verulamium, Tintern Abbey and a place called Wall which is in Staffordshire along with quite a few others. I have decided on which plants need to be included and it is actually about 60 different species, I have also written a few background articles such as one about the Wall environment another about wall animals and there are a few others lined up.

Progress has stalled a bit now as it is Autumn and most wall plants are Spring and Summer flowers. I have though contacted the publishers, Merlin Unwin, to see what they think of the idea. I sent them some sample pages, about 25, the same as they required when I first contacted them about my book Woodland Wildflowers. I sent this submission off on 9th September so now its wait a see time. There is a lot of wait and see in the publishing game I have discovered !

As for the fruition well however it turns out I will complete the exercise, publishing is just the icing on the cake, What I enjoy is the searching out the flowers, the photography and in this case researching the walls, their history, construction and everything about them. I want a good range of walls not all ruins and churches, so its some new and some old, some famous and some just odd. I want to find a wall with an old Walls Ice Cream advert on it and then an interesting plant next to it. Should keep me busy.

Wall Rue and Easton Grey, Wiltshire.

Wall Rue is a fern and is commonly found in walls as its name would suggest, and often in company with Maidenhair Spleenwort with the latter being the more dominant of the two. Not so on the old bridge over the River Avon in Easton Grey where there are just two plant species, Ivy-leaved Toadflax and Wall Rue.

Asplenium ruta-muraria is the scientific name. It is blue green in colour, the same as the herb Rue. It is a small fern and grows in a compact tussock , not a spreading frond. It does not smell like its name sake the herb Rue which has a pungent and disagreeable smell and is not much used in cooking any more. Back in the day it was sometimes used in small quantities mostly for medicinal purposes. In some countries, for example Ethiopia, it is still used in cooking.

Wall Rue prefers alkaline conditions so limestone walls or walls where a lime mortar has been used to hold the stones together are to its liking although according to the BSBI, Wall Rue prefers a pH of 7 whilst Maidenhair Spleenwort prefers a pH of 8.

Easton Grey, near Malmesbury, is a Cotswold village through which the River Avon passes. There are several River Avons in Britain, nine to be precise! Avon means river in the Celtic language and Afon is the word for river in Welsh so the River Avon is the River River! The River Avon passing through Easton Grey ends up passing through Bristol and into the Bristol Channel at Avonmouth and so is sometimes referred to as the Bristol Avon or Lower Avon, It rises at Acton Turville near Chipping Sodbury in Gloucestershire and is seventy five miles long in a circular route, passing through Malmesbury, Tetbury, Bath and Bristol. Despite being only a few miles from the source, the bridge at Easton Grey is the seventh crossing point downstream. There are three arms of the river. The one at Easton Grey is called the Sherston branch. The originating source is debatable. Some consider the Tetbury Avon which rises at Wor Well to the north east of Tetbury to be the main source but whatever the source the three tributaries join in Malmesbury.

The bridge at Easton Grey is comprised of five pointed-arched spans. On the northern side there are six projecting triangular cutwaters buttressing each of them. It was probably constructed in the sixteenth century, and is made from local Cotswold stone which is ideal for Wall Rue Fern. It is very picturesque and is often the subject of photographs. The local artist Jack Russell has painted it. He was also rather good at cricket, playing for England as wicket keeper!

Not only is the bridge picturesque but so too is the little hamlet surrounding it, not least the house on the opposite side of the road called Bridge House. A local historian recalled that this house might have a connection to Edwin Lutyens. It was possible that he combined the original row of cottages into one property and that Gertrude Jekyll with whom he often collaborated had some influence over the garden. However I can find no reference to this elsewhere. My historian contact wonders if he heard about this in a Wiltshire monthly magazine or possibly when he attended an antiques auction there in or around 2000. I have found reference in an article by British Listed Buildings to the building undergoing major refurbishment in 1923 with an arts and crafts style circular chimney breast being a feature in one of the rooms. That is the closest link to Lutyens that I have been able to find

It has a very charming so called ‘fisherman’s cottage’ in the garden overlooking the river.

Gertrude Jekyll did however design a garden in Hampshire at a village with a similar name called Upton Grey. This was around the Old Manor House which Charles Holme purchased, and then rented to tenants for the rest of his life. The property deteriorated and eventually Holme commissioned a local architect Ernest Newton to refurbish it, keeping many of the original timbers. Today’s Edwardian decoration encloses oak rooms, a 16th-century staircase and original roof timbers. Newton’s house was finished in 1907. Gertrude Jekyll created a four and a half acre garden around it.

History of Hadrian’s Wall.(from the plants point of view)

There has been much written about Hadrian’s wall over the years. Gildas was the first to write about it in or around 560AD but already a lot had been forgotten and his descriptions are quite muddled. There follows a brief synopsis but what I want to concentrate on is the plants and their colonisation of the area.

Undoubtedly the most famous wall in the Britain it was, as the name suggests, built under the orders of Emperor Hadrian, in 122AD. It was however campaigns of Julius Agricola which had pushed the Roman influence to the far north of Scotland by 84AD. He even sent ships further north still and reached the Orkneys but his gains were not maintained and much of Scotland was subsequently abandoned and so when Hadrian visited he decided to fortify a line from the Tyne to the Solway.

The seventy three mile wall took just six years to construct. Initially some of it was stone and the western section was a turf bank. This bank was subsequently replaced with stone. There is also a large ditch called a Vallum which is three metres deep with parallel mounds along the edges and which follows the line of the wall on the south side. After Hadrian’s death in 138AD the next Emperor, Antonius Pius, decided to build another wall further north between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde, known as the Antonine Wall. This was shorter than Hadrian’s Wall at just thirty nine miles but it had more forts. Construction began in 142 AD and took twelve years to complete. It is mainly comprised of an earth bank formed from turfs. It was abandoned shortly after Pius’ departure and Hadrian’s Wall marked the northern edge of Roman influence.

The chances of many plants colonising the walls whilst it was being maintained by the Romans is probably small. Back then the wall and the forts would have been covered with plaster and then painted quite brightly. It would not have looked like it does today. The locals might have described it as a bit of an eyesore across the beautiful Northumbrian and Cumbrian landscape but it was there to make a statement and painting it white and other bright colours certainly did that.

Some plants may have grown along the top, in between the cobble stones and down in the Vallum. However I suspect that maintenance was quite rigorous. The soldiers would have needed to be kept busy to prevent boredom and possible misconduct, so tasking them with weeding and repairs would be an obvious way to occupy them. I once recall seeing some squaddies at an army base in Cyprus mowing the playing field. There was not a blade of grass anywhere to be seen as it was dry bare soil but still they mowed up and down obeying instructions.

Colonisation probably did not get underway until sometime after 406AD when the Romans withdrew. Even after that date there is evidence that local rulers maintained sections of the wall and some of the forts for anything up to two hundred years. It would in any case have taken time for plaster to fall off and cracks to develop. The first colonisers would be plants dispersed by seeds or spores. Spores blow long distances on the wind and so mosses and lichens would be the first plants to show up, exactly as they do today on gravestones or rock -formed coastal defences. They would have paved the way for subsequent, larger species, as over time they died and got washed into the crevices between the stones so that gradually a type of organic soil would have developed. This would provide not only a source of water but also nutrients for the ferns and flowering plants that came later.

Ferns are also dispersed by spores and so the second wave of colonisation probably had a high proportion of ferns. Plants might also have arrived by way of animals bringing in seeds. Many species of plant produce fruits and nuts in order to attract animals which then either move the fruits and nuts to store them somewhere such as in a wall, or they eat them and the seeds pass through with their droppings and get deposited on the wall whilst the animal is having a rest.

However getting to the wall is just the start. The seedling then has to get established. In the Vallum this might have been quite easy and soon this would have been overgrown with Brambles, Hawthorn, Blackthorn and, probably Gorse. Thereafter trees such as Oak and Beech might have developed although the climate can be is quite cold and bleak so they would have struggled.

On the walls of the forts and along the wall, life would have been tough for the flowering plants. Plants that were already adapted to grow on rock faces and cliffs would have found the walls most suitable. The number of plants back then that could have colonised would have been significantly fewer than today. Well over half the plants that we now find on walls would not have been in the Britain at that time as they have been introduced since then. It is possible that soldiers might have brought a few species with them. Wallflowers are generally thought to have been introduced by the Normans but they do have lots of medicinal uses and conceivably soldiers could have imported them as it has been recorded that Roman soldiers used a poultice of Wallflower leaves to treat wounds. However most of the Roman soldiers stationed on the wall and in Britain generally were not from Italy. Many came from Gaul and two of the brigades that were stationed at the wall were from Tungria , now Belgium, and Batavia on the Rhine delta.

The flowering plants most likely to have colonised the wall would have been species such as Stonecrop, Whitlow Grass, Bittercress and Sandworts. These are all small native species which would not have made much visual impact.

As time went by the wall was gradually plundered to provide stone for other constructions, some of them, such as Hexham Abbey, quite grand, others less so. The B6318, known as the Military road which runs west from Newcastle, was constructed from stone which was removed from the wall and pulverised to provide hardcore.

Nowadays the wall attracts thousands of visitors each year and car tyres and walking boots will bring seeds from all over the world so who knows what could turn up. Getting there is just the start and colonising is the big ask but with climate change anything could grow there in the future. Perhaps there might be orange groves and olives lining the route one day. Very Italian.

Rosebay (Willowherb) and Escomb Church Co.Durham

Well I suspect most of you have heard of Rosebay Willowherb although recently its genus has been changed so now it is sometimes simply called Rosebay. However you may not know that much about Escomb Church.

We came upon it when travelling up to Newcastle to visit college friends, it is not far from Bishop Auckland and is the oldest Saxon Church in the UK. The exact date of origin is a little lost in time but possibly 675 AD ish. It may well have been built where there was a former Celtic worship site as the surrounding church yard is spherical and some of the crosses cut into the stonework are of a Celtic design.

The surrounding wall on which the Rosebay was growing once had an inner hedge and was said to look very attractive. It is possible that the wall follows the line of a Celtic stone circle that predated the church.

One of the features of the church are two sundials above the entrance, the higher up one is thought to be contemporary with the building of the church and as such the oldest sundial which has remained in its original position since it was installed just 1,350 years ago! The dial has three lines on it which may have been the times when prayers were said, it also has a snake like creature but with a fish tail surrounding it and above there is a carving which seems to be the subject of some discussion as to what it depicts. Most seem to think it is the head of an animal, possibly a bull or and antelope, others think it may be the bottom half of a seated person ( the top half having broken away sometime) and I think it is a representation of Darth Vader.

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Other features that can be seen are that several stones were from earlier Roman buildings, particularly the nearby fort of Binchester. One stone has LEG VI written on it which is the 6th Legion, however it is set upside down showing that the stone masons who made the church had no regard for the Roman heritage.

The Rosebay Willowherb was a rather stunted specimen, it can grow much taller and have a more impressive flower spike, however it was growing out of the top of a wall and was in some degree of shade due to nearby trees.

Rosebay or Rosebay Willowherb? Well it was the later and its scientific name was  Epilobium angustifolium and that placed it in the same genus as all the other Willowherbs but then it was renamed Chamerion angustifolium, and thus separated from the main group, at the same time some folks started to refer to it as simply Rosebay. However the BSBI ( Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland) still stick with the full Rosebay Willowherb so that is good enough for me. The reasons for the change relates to various morphological differences. The leaves are arranged in a spiral as opposed to opposite which is the case with Epilobium species. Also the arrangement of the stigma and stamens is different. Finally it does not have a Hypanthium which is a sort of cup beneath the flower where the calyx, petals and stamens all fuse together. Something which is not that noticeable but you see it quite well developed in Pomegranates’.

All quite complicated, alternatively we could call it Fireweed which is its other common name as it often grows where there has been a fire. In the era of Steam trains it was often found along railway lines, now it is still found in such situations but that is probably due more to its light wind blown seeds which are easily distributed along railway lines.

Black Spleenwort and Wall, Staffordshire

There are several places called Wall, one is near Newcastle and that is obviously associated with Hadrian’s Wall another is in Staffordshire, and this one is on the famous Watling street a lot of which is now the A5.

The site has several plants growing on the walls, but when I visited in July many had succumbed to the hot dry summer, not so the Black Spleenwort which presumably has quite extensive roots as it is a perennial and has therefore the time to get its roots well into the wall and down to any residual moisture.

This fern is quite variable and depending on where it is growing it can look quite different. It is often to be found growing from walls, particularly in the west of Britain, in open situations the fronds are quite compact and the individual leaflets are rounded and the colour is light green. In woodlands it is more rangey and the individual leaflets are pointed and jaggy edged also they are usually dark green. One characteristic which does help to identify it wherever it is growing is that the central stalk down each frond has two groves running along it.

I had not heard of this place until I mentioned to my son that I was trying to put together something about Walls and Flowers and he said there is a village just along from where his brewery Trinity Brew Company is located on the outskirts of Litchfield. He said it was named Wall because there is a bit of Roman Wall there. Well not just ‘a bit’ but quite a lot.

Wall is however its new name, originally it was called Letocetum by the Romans who developed it as a fort on Watling Street, in fact there was probably habitation there before the Romans came as it is a junction where two ancient pathways cross Watling Street and Ryknild Street now known as Iknield Way . Also it was on a boundary between two Celtic tribes the Cornovii to the West and the Corieltauvi to the East. The original Iron age name was Lētocaiton meaning Grey Wood ( caiton has become modern day Welsh Coed ie wood).

Possibly the Letocetum referred more to the area rather than the specific location of a village as subsequent to the fall of the Roman empire the village disappeared and was replaced by another site nearby which became Litchfield a name also derived from Letocetum.

What you see now is the remains of two buildings, a guest house and a bath house. As is often the case with Roman settlements there were several reconstructions and alterations over the course of the 367 years they were here. Originally they just built marching camps as they proceeded north west along the ancient route of Watling Street, later they improved the route putting in a stone base so that communication could rapidly pass through and the the first guest house was built around 80AD but this was wooden, the first Bath house followed in 100AD but what you see now represents much later constructions made with stone and dating to the second and third centuries AD. However at its height it would have been quite a populous bustling community probably producing leather goods, glassware, pottery and metalware.

Other species growing at Wall were Mouse-eared Chickweed, Maidenhair Spleenwort, and Selfheal, but the Black Spleenwort was perhaps the commonest certainly the most impressive.

Harebell and Milecastle 37, Hadrian’s Wall

During a recent visit ‘up north’ as a southerner would say, we visited several places along the Hadrian’s Wall and I encountered Harebell numerous times. It was of course growing across the region in the low grassy moorland, but it was also growing directly out of or on top of the wall.

This beautiful and delicate looking little species is a rhizomatous perennial herb. It is however far from delicate in its requirements, being quite tolerant of dry, open, and infertile habitats. It is also not too fussy about soil pH being found in both mildly acidic and alkaline soils also it can tolerate some heavy metal presence. All in all it is well suited to life on walls but is also encountered in grassland, fixed dunes, rock ledges, roadsides and railway banks. It flowers from mid summer onwards.

Its scientific name is Campanula rotundifolia and it has several common names as you might expect, one is Scottish Bluebell but in Scotland they often call it simply Bluebell. It is not related to what the English think of as a Bluebell the one that grows in woodlands. It is the flower emblem of Sweden and the county flower of Yorkshire.

One of the places we saw it on Hadrian’s wall was mile fort number 37. it is the next fort along from Housesteads. Not surprisingly these milecastles (small forts) were built at one mile intervals all the way across the length of the wall.

This artists impression of how Milecastle 37 would have looked is by courtesy of HUKBMBEAR Thank you.

When it was up and running it would have had housing for 20 to 30 soldiers and they would have remained on site also each garrison would have manned the neighboring turrets. The milecastle’s garrison was a border post as well as being defensive in time of rebellion. It would have allowed the passage of people, goods and livestock across the frontier, and it is likely that the milecastle acted as a customs post to levy taxation on that traffic. Could Scottish independence could see the reintroduction of modern day equivalents?

Between each milecastle there would have been two turret structures these were located approximately one-third and two-thirds of the way between the milecastles; all very neat and precise just like the Roman roads.

The two turrets linked to milecastle 37 are named 37a and 37b. 37a is at Rapishaw Gap and was probably demolished before the Romans abandoned the wall and the only evidence for it now is some earthworks which can only be appreciated from aerial photographs.

Turret 37 b at Hotbank Grag is still visible but it is just a stone studded earthen platform so not that impressive now.

 There were 80 milecastles and 158 turrets.

Snapdragon; Hexham Abbey, Northumberland

Snapdragon or Antirrhinum is a garden plant which has long been established in the wild. It is not native being from the Mediterranean and SW Europe. It was first grown here in gardens during Elizabethan times. It has a striking flower which is usually in a rich pink colour although garden varieties can come in various shades, white, cream, yellow and all stations from pink through to purple. The flower is perhaps reminiscent of a dragon and it does snap shut with the upper and lower parts coming together quite strongly. The only pollinators that can force their way into the flower is the larger bumble bees. I remember as a small boy being fascinated by the bumble bees pushing their way into the flowers and then backing out covered in pollen, also along with many other children I would pull one of the flowers away from the flower head and then you could squeeze the sides and the mouth would open.

It is an annual or short-lived perennial herb and is widely naturalised on old walls, waysides, pavement cracks, waste ground and rubbish tips. Populations can be long-lived, and the species reproduces readily from seed. It is less common in the North and in Scotland so Hexham is towards its upper limit. It is usually found close to habitation. It is quite tolerant of dry conditions, it prefers a pH of 7 and is not that frost hardy, thus its preference for southern Britain.

Hexham Abbey was built between 674 and 678, and much of the stone came from the remains of Roman buildings in Corbridge which is three miles away. It was Queen Etheldreda who gave the land to Wilfrid Bishop of York in 673 or 4 and thus it is one of the earliest Christian sites in the UK. What you see today is not what was built back then, it was largely replaced in the 12th and 13th century between 1170 through to 1250. Subsequent additions have been made, but given that every phase of building has been done in the same light honey coloured stone, it helps give the whole building a unity of form.

What does remain of the original church is the crypt and there you can see many roman stones including one that has the names of three emperors engraved into it Septimus Severus ( 193 to 211AD ) and his sons Marcus Aurelius ( 198 to 217 AD) and Geta. The three ruled as a triumvirate after Severus appointed his sons as joint rulers in 198 but when Severus died in 211 then the two sons ruled together but not that harmoniously.

Today the Abbey is well worth a visit, located in the very centre of Hexham and it does have a pleasant court yard with surrounding gardens and an excellent tea room. I was visiting the area with Dr Colin Harwood and thanks have to go to him for the photographs. He obliged by taking the pictures as I had left my camera back at base. As you can see both pink and white varieties grow on the walls.